Understanding the Causes of Miscarriage: A Guide for the General Public

What is a Miscarriage?

A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks. Many people do not realize how common it is. In fact, about 10 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Although this can be a very emotional experience, understanding the causes of miscarriage can help you feel more informed and prepared. For many, knowing the reasons for miscarriage brings some comfort and clarity.

Common Causes of Miscarriage

Most miscarriages happen because the baby is not developing as expected. Often, this is due to problems with the baby’s chromosomes. Chromosomes are tiny structures that carry our genes. When there is a problem with the number or structure of chromosomes, the pregnancy may not continue. Here are some common causes of miscarriage:

Chromosome problems: Most early miscarriages are due to extra or missing chromosomes.

Blighted ovum: This happens when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterus but does not develop into a baby.

Molar pregnancy: Rarely, tissue grows in the uterus instead of a baby.

Maternal health conditions: Conditions like uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid disease can increase the risk.

Infections: Some infections, such as rubella or certain sexually transmitted infections, may lead to miscarriage.

Because most miscarriages are not caused by something the mother did, it is important not to blame yourself.

Less Common and Rare Causes

While most miscarriages are due to chromosome issues, other reasons for miscarriage exist. Sometimes, less common or rare causes play a role. For example, problems with the uterus or cervix can make it hard for a pregnancy to continue. In addition, certain immune system problems may increase the risk. Here are a few less common causes:

Abnormal shape of the uterus

Weak cervix (cervical insufficiency)

Severe kidney or heart disease in the mother

Blood clotting disorders

Exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation

Although these causes are rare, they can sometimes be found after repeated miscarriages.

Risk Factors to Consider

Some people have a higher risk of miscarriage than others. However, having a risk factor does not mean you will have a miscarriage. Here are some risk factors for miscarriage:

Age over 35 years

Previous miscarriages

Smoking, alcohol, or drug use

Obesity or being underweight

Chronic health conditions (like diabetes or high blood pressure)

Infections

Because some risk factors can be changed, making healthy choices may help lower your risk.

When to Seek Medical Advice

It is important to know when to contact a healthcare provider. If you have any of the following symptoms, seek medical advice right away:

Heavy bleeding or passing large clots

Severe abdominal pain or cramping

Fever or chills

Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

Even if your symptoms seem mild, it is always better to check with your doctor. Early care can help prevent complications.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

While not all miscarriages can be prevented, some steps may help lower your risk. For example, making healthy lifestyle choices can support a healthy pregnancy. Here are some tips on how to prevent miscarriage:

Take prenatal vitamins with folic acid

Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs

Maintain a healthy weight

Manage chronic health conditions with your doctor’s help

Wash your hands often to avoid infections

Limit caffeine intake

Because every pregnancy is different, talk to your healthcare provider about your personal risk factors and the best ways to stay healthy.

Consult a healthcare professional at Sri Lakshmi Hospital for personalized advice.